• 1. If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium it means that:
• 2. The shorthorn is a breed of cattle originated in the North East of England known for having short horns. Their skin can be white, coloured or roan (a mixture of white and pigmented). In a farm with 2.820 cows, 260 are white, 1.430 red and 1.130 roan. If skin color is controlled by a single autosomal gene with two alleles, indicate the false answer:
• 3. How can you calculate allele frequencies in a population? indicate the correct answer:
• 4. Indicate which of the following statements about natural selection is false:
• 5. Indicate the false answer. Why the recessive alleles that cause severe disease have not been already eliminated completely from human populations by natural selection? A severe disease refers to those that affect greatly or completely prevent transmission of alleles to the next generation.
• 6. Indicate the true sentence. An allele with frequency of 0.12 in a population of 50 individuals:
• 7. Two alleles, A and a, are found for a given gene population. Allele frequency of allele A is 0.7. If due to an environmental change, relative fitness values of genotypes AA, Aa and aa become respectively 1,1 and 0.52, which of the following statements is false?
• 8. Ross's goose is a small Arctic nesting goose. Goslings (baby geese) exist in two color morphs: grey and yellow. Color is controlled by two alleles at a single locus with grey being dominant. There is no difference between yellow and grey goslings once they become adults. However, yellow goslings are at an increased risk of predation by a predatory bird, the Arctic skua. A study of goose nests in a population in Canada found 263 yellow goslings and 413 grey goslings. If 303 grey goslings survive to adulthood, but only 150 yellow ones do, indicate the false answer:
• 9. Indicate the false answer. According to the neutralist theory of molecular evolution:
• 10. You have genotyped the two alleles (Standard-Std and Inverted-Inv) of a polymorphic inversion in a sample of 45 humans and you have calculated an allele frequency p=0.578 for the Std allele. You have also genotyped a SNP variant with two alleles (G and C) located close to the inversion with an allele frequency p= 0.789 for G. You have found the haplotype counts shown in the following table. Indicate the true option
• 11. Indicate the false answer. Population subdivision:
• 12. Which of the following statements about migration is false?
• 13. Pingelap is an atoll in the Pacific Ocean that is part of Micronesia. Approximately 5% of the population of 3000 people have complete achromatopsia, an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by photophobia, low visual acuity and total inability to distinguish colors. In the rest of the world, only 1 in 30,000 people are affected by this disorder. The genetic base of achromatopsia in the Pingelap population is the change of a single nucleotide in gene CNGB3 that exchanges a serine by a phenylalanine in position 435 of the protein, a highly conserved position within a protein domain that is important for protein function. Which of the following explanations for these observations do you think that is more likely?
• 14. In DNA substitution models:
• 15. Lateral gene transfer:
• 16. After a gene duplication:
• 17. According to the evidence provided by the following gene tree:
• 18. Orthologous genes:
• 19. The following graph shows the variation of dN/dS along a DNA fragment in a species of prokaryote. Which statement is consistent with the evidence?
• 20. What can we say from the tree below: